Online Store Case Study

Question: You have recently joined an online organization as E-Business Reseacher who has been contracted to analyse the business model of a medium-large sized B2C company (with an online presence) in the retail or services sector, and present your case study to the board of directors. In order to complete this task you need to: Select an appropriate e-commerce company Visit its Web site and analyse its business model based on the information you find there. The report should include the following : A brief overview of the organisation in question The Importance of an effective business model The technical requirements for the successful adoption of E-Commerce The eight key components of an effective business model 1. Value proposition2. Revenue model3. Market opportunity 4. Competitive environment 5. Competitive advantage 6. Market strategy 7. Organizational development 8. Management team Answer: Item Range offered by Company-Online Car Accessories and Tools of different sorts Leisure items for sailing, outdoors Electrical Household machines for any sort of usgae Appropriation Center Appropriation focus had two decisions in the middle of Australia and Asia. The previous was picked by the organization and the district. The consortium needs to create another organization and has built up the accompanying framework of its operations. In general, SCM innovation development proceeds, with utilitarian frameworks, for example, transportation and interest arranging, keeping on being created and upgraded to backing practical execution increments. New abilities are advancing in innovation territories that exploit in-memory/ fast diagnostic transforming, greatly huge datasets and cloud-based stages (giving framework flexibility and simpler mix/onboarding capacities). A blend of these abilities is likewise advancing to bolster a more multi endeavor perspective and administration of store network business forms. Sellers predominant in developed advancements are tested with staying present and applicable. In a few zones, they may be supplanted by new, more inventive sellers in usefulness and/or organization alternatives. (Rajasree K. Rajamma, 2007) In general, SCM innovation development proceeds, with utilitarian frameworks, for example, transportation and interest arranging, keeping on being created and upgraded to backing practical execution increments. New abilities are advancing in innovation territories that exploit in-memory/ fast diagnostic transforming, greatly huge datasets and cloud-based stages (giving framework flexibility and simpler mix/onboarding capacities). A blend of these abilities is likewise advancing to bolster a more multi endeavor perspective and administration of store network business forms. Sellers predominant in developed advancements are tested with staying present and applicable. In a few zones, they may be supplanted by new, more inventive sellers in usefulness and/or organization alternatives. (Rajasree K. Rajamma, 2007) Sourcing We find that end clients are getting to be more educated in the screening and determination of SCM advances. Applying pace layering as a way to deal with dissect process development necessities (and, hence, business esteem), and additionally connecting this to the kind of innovation and sourcing alternatives, is beginning to pick up footing with our customers (there's all the more on pace layering in the Hype Cycle segment). The utilization of pace layering in SCM that is connected to process development models is ended up being an extremely helpful structure to help explore the SCM innovation market. The clarity of the potential business case, and in addition the related business techniques and capabilities needed to completely influence the innovation, are having more huge impact in helping organizations comprehend if and when they ought to contribute, and from where they ought to source the innovation. Nonetheless, store network pioneers are outpacing others. There is an enlarging crevice in the middle of pioneers and devotees, with the pioneers being more hazard tolerant and years in front of adherents in considering fresher advances. (Jayant Anand, 2009) Request Volatility and logistics As far as key deterrents in accomplishing store network objectives, conjecture exactness/request unpredictability is still No. 1, as it has been for as long as couple of years. There are two sides to this. The main is the persistent commute to get closer to the end purchaser, improving intermediary for the genuine interest flag, and utilizing this to drive back through whatever is left of the inventory network to adjust and synchronize. The second is making a beneficial supply reaction to these interest signs. This angle is frequently to some degree neglected in an organization's longing to make steadily exact and definite estimates. Inventory network pioneers perceive that enhancing the nature of the interest sign is basic, however their capacity to react productivity to these interest signs is additionally imperative, perceiving that, as a rule, there will be critical lingering interest unpredictability. Reacting to the client could be attained to with expense overwhelms, exorbitan t stock and "firefighting," yet reacting gainfully means understanding the wellsprings of variability and getting ready for them fittingly, in light of fitting end-to-end quality exchange offs. Presently, the OSO model is a rising idea at the 5% post-trigger position, subsequent to just introductory impromptu philosophies and courses of action, and point arrangement instruments are accessible in today's production network merchant environment. Client driven data framework toolsets exist for physical supply chains. IT devices empowering a few methods inside computerized supply chains as of now exist as point arrangements for instance, inserted programming administration supporting qualifications, and prescient examination (PA) supporting Pattern-Based Strategy. Notwithstanding, the general configuration, arrangement and administration of end-to-end frameworks and arrangements taking into account an incorporated innovation toolset don't yet exist. These toolsets will develop in the following five to 10 years, with completely incorporated innovation arrangements in over 10 years. Store network Challenges Today's store network models are centered around the physical inventory network, including the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, which arranges five key components (plan, source, make, convey and return). The SCOR model doesn't address developing information based computerized systems and data based arrangement arranges that empower OEMs to advance into an OSO. Further, there are no plainly characterized model architectures, methods and innovation toolsets that classify how to coordinate and deal with these physical, computerized and information systems to make frameworks and create data arrangements of worth to the client. The absence of clear definitions, store network structural planning and procedure structures repress inventory network pioneers from offering coordinated client interest driven data frameworks and arrangements. This, thusly, restrains innovation suppliers from offering incorporated toolsets to plan, produce, catch, approve, coordinate and deal with t he information systems. In general, SCM innovation development proceeds, with utilitarian frameworks, for example, transportation and interest arranging, keeping on being created and upgraded to backing practical execution increments. New abilities are advancing in innovation territories that exploit in-memory/ fast diagnostic transforming, greatly huge datasets and cloud-based stages (giving framework flexibility and simpler mix/onboarding capacities). A blend of these abilities is likewise advancing to bolster a more multi endeavor perspective and administration of store network business forms. Sellers predominant in developed advancements are tested with staying present and applicable. In a few zones, they may be supplanted by new, more inventive sellers in usefulness and/or organization alternatives. (Rajasree K. Rajamma, 2007) Later on, data framework and arrangement pioneers will need to deliberately oversee "amazing information" sources and physical inventory network items and administrations to make client driven data frameworks and end-to-end arrangements. Utilizing the OSO model system, store network thought pioneers alongside deals, administration, IT and item specialists must evaluate their current data framework suites and create a guide to include rising advanced and arrangement process applications and devices. Quality Chain Mapping Utilize the quality chain-mapping procedure to recognize where present and future information will be created and utilized crosswise over physical, advanced and arrangement systems. Market the potential advantages of client quality, gainfulness, productivity and administration creation as a blazing stage for cooperation crosswise over store network, IT, deals, item and administration associations. Merchants and suppliers must recognize whether and how new or repurposed innovation and IT stages empower the 10 computerized and arrangement forms. Utilize the OSO demonstrate as a typical structure to clear up parts and toolsets that backing the information administration biological community, including associations with the physical worth chain and quality added administrations gave to supplement physical systems. Business Impact: The rising OSO model and store network philosophy, including ideas, definitions, courses of action and comparing toolsets, can be utilized by both physical and computerized production network brand proprietors to make client driven data frameworks and arrangements. Key industry verticals that can influence their physical supply chains are gadget makers, including hightech, modern, aviation and protection, car, information transfers and correspondences, buyer hardware, and therapeutic gadget and gear organizations. Media content suppliers will likewise have the capacity to advantage from the OSO show by utilizing their computerized supply chains. The OSO model will make a typical system for cooperation in the middle of gatherings, and guarantee that all the vital procedure and specialized application abilities are empowered and considered in client driven data frameworks and arrangements. Coordinated Model crosswise over Distribution Chain Today, there are no far reaching models that coordinate the physical, advanced and arrangement supply chains just beginning impromptu and point arrangement ideas and strategies. Market entrance of the OSO model and toolsets for producers and substance suppliers is required to surpass 50% at development, like the broad utilization of the SCOR display and related outsider applications, toolsets and ERP suites for the administration of physical supply chains. Before inventory network empowered item way of life administration (PLM) can get to be standard, organizations must make an incorporated cross-practical methodology that will eventually oblige programming merchants to extend their foot shaped impressions through improvement, securing or associations to give the looked for after bound together stage. A gradually developing gathering of organizations have realigned their associations and measurements, coordinated advancements and layered on business knowledge (BI) usefulness to make some progress in making inventory network empowered PLM, yet innovation improvement has slacked. Innovation that is composed starting from the earliest stage as a stage for supporting end-to-end inventory network empowered PLM is still five to 10 years from being extensively accessible. Manageability Planning Manageability touchy arranging and enhancement alludes to a scope of advancements and applications that empower endeavors to evaluate, model and, eventually, streamline their supply chains, expressly considering supportability measurements, (for example, nursery gas discharges and waste). Beginning arrangements will barely concentrate on particular individual production network administration (SCM) procedures, for example, transportation arranging and system outline displaying, with an objective to upgrade a restricted arrangement of asset limitations, for example, minimizing carbon foot shaped impressions. Position and Adoption Speed Justification: Tools exist that minimize or enhance variables that could influence a production network's feasible execution, (for example, transportation wanting to minimize squandered miles and transportation mode), which could, thusly, decrease carbon emanations. In any case, apparatuses are quite recently developing, with quality uneven, that unequivocally utilize carbon foot shaped impression as an enhancement objective and have content databases that give carbon foot shaped impression variables, for example, transportation mode information, in which a diesel truck of a certain size discharges a certain measure of carbon dioxide every mile driven. In general, SCM innovation development proceeds, with utilitarian frameworks, for example, transportation and interest arranging, keeping on being created and upgraded to backing practical execution increments. New abilities are advancing in innovation territories that exploit in-memory/ fast diagnostic tran sforming, greatly huge datasets and cloud-based stages (giving framework flexibility and simpler mix/onboarding capacities). A blend of these abilities is likewise advancing to bolster a more multi endeavor perspective and administration of store network business forms. Sellers predominant in developed advancements are tested with staying present and applicable. In a few zones, they may be supplanted by new, more inventive sellers in usefulness and/or organization alternatives. (Rajasree K. Rajamma, 2007) . In general, SCM innovation development proceeds, with utilitarian frameworks, for example, transportation and interest arranging, keeping on being created and upgraded to backing practical execution increments. New abilities are advancing in innovation territories that exploit in-memory/ fast diagnostic transforming, greatly huge datasets and cloud-based stages (giving framework flexibility and simpler mix/onboarding capacities). A blend of these abilities is likewise advancing t o bolster a more multi endeavor perspective and administration of store network business forms. Sellers predominant in developed advancements are tested with staying present and applicable. In a few zones, they may be supplanted by new, more inventive sellers in usefulness and/or organization alternatives. (Rajasree K. Rajamma, 2007) References Salvatore G. Fiore, Shaun Kelly, (2007) "Surveying the use of sound in online stores: Practices, possibilities and pitfalls for user experience", International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 35 Iss: 7, pp.600 611 Rajasree K. Rajamma, Audhesh K. Paswan, Gopala Ganesh, (2007) "Services purchased at brick and mortar versus online stores, and shopping motivation", Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 21 Iss: 3, pp.200 212 Jayant Anand (2009), Supermarketization, consumer choices, and the changing food retail market structure: the case of Citlalicalli, Mexico, in Donald C. Wood (ed.)Economic Development, Integration, and Morality in Asia and the Americas (Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume 29), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.63-88 Eric T. Anderson, Duncan Simester, Florian Zettelmeyer (2010), Internet channel conflict: Problems and solutions, in Naresh K. Malhotra (ed.)7 (Review of Marketing Research, Volume 7), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.63-92

The Noble Eightfold Path free essay sample

1. Right View (Samma-Ditthi — Complete or Perfect Vision) .Vision of the nature of reality and the path of transformation. Right view is the beginning and the end of the path, it simply means to see and to understand things as they really are and to realize the Four Noble Truth. As such, right view is the cognitive aspect of wisdom. It means to see things through, to grasp the impermanent and imperfect nature of worldly objects and ideas, and to understand the law of karma and karmic conditioning. Right view is not necessarily an intellectual capacity, just as wisdom is not just a matter of intelligence. Instead, right view is attained, sustained, and enhanced through all capacities of mind. It begins with the intuitive insight that all beings are subject to suffering and it ends with complete understanding of the true nature of all things. Since our view of the world forms our thoughts and our actions, right view yields right thoughts and right actions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Noble Eightfold Path or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Right Intention (Samma-Sankappa — Perfected Emotion or Aspiration, also translated as right thought or attitude) Liberating emotional intelligence in your life and acting from love and compassion. The importance of speech in the context of Buddhist ethics is obvious: words can break or save lives, make enemies or friends, start war or create peace. Buddha explained right speech as follows: 1. to abstain from false speech, especially not to tell deliberate lies and not to speak deceitfully, 2. to abstain from slanderous speech and not to use words maliciously against others, 3. to abstain from harsh words that offend or hurt others, and 4. to abstain from idle chatter that lacks purpose or depth. Positively phrased, this means to tell the truth, to speak friendly, warm, and gently and to talk only when necessary. 4. Right Action (Samma-Kammanta — Integral Action) An ethical foundation for life based on the principle of non-exploitation of oneself and others. The five precepts. The second ethical principle, right action, involves the body as natural means of expression, as it refers to deeds that involve bodily actions. Unwholesome actions lead to unsound states of mind, while wholesome actions lead to sound states of mind. Again, the principle is explained in terms of abstinence: right action means 1. to abstain from harming sentient beings, especially to abstain from taking life (including suicide) and doing harm intentionally or delinquently, 2. to abstain from taking what is not given, which includes stealing, robbery, fraud, deceitfulness, and dishonesty, and 3. to abstain from sexual misconduct. Positively formulated, right action means to act kindly and compassionately, to be honest, to respect the belongings of others, and to keep sexual relationships harmless to others.

The Importance of Conclusions

For many people, the most difficult part of writing a blog post is the conclusion. Conclusions can be tricky, but treating them as an afterthought is a recipe for reader apathy. In order to write more memorable posts, you need to finish with a bang. The Importance of a Strong Conclusion Like great sporting moments or dramatic performances, it’s the strong finishes that people remember most – the touchdown in the final minute or the crescendo at the end of a symphony. Unfortunately, many blog writers rush the conclusion and the post just fizzles out. If you want people to share your blog post, talk about it and take further action, you need to put more effort into the conclusion. A compelling conclusion will: Encourage readers to leave comments. Boost subscriptions to your blog. Convert more visitors into leads. Increase click-throughs to other blog posts. Boost shares via social media. Keep more users engaged with your brand. A Strong Conclusion Includes a Call to Action Again, your article has a purpose. Whether that purpose is saving the tuna or informing a reader about a local insurance agency, your conclusion should encourage your reader to carefully consider and act on the information you’ve just presented. There’s no one right way to structure a concluding paragraph, but there are certain guidelines you can following when putting one together. Start with a transition from the previous paragraph. In a regular conversation, you rarely just stop what you’re saying and say goodbye. The same is true with your website articles. Craft a good sentence that will move from the paragraph before to the conclusion. Give a more forceful version of your thesis statement. This is the place to really hit the reader with your message. State your intent strongly and plainly. State your final thoughts. Here, you should explain why your message is important and end the article. There’s no right way to build a concluding paragraph, but there are plenty of wrong ways. Remember to keep your message as the most important part of your article. A conclusion will adequately end your article while giving your reader something to think about or act upon. Don’t just walk away from your reader; make your ending important. A concluding paragraph is a way to say goodbye to your reader and make sure that the message you wanted to convey is presented one more time. Abruptly ending your article is the same as simply walking away from someone mid-conversation, so don’t do it. Use a conclusion to neatly bookend your article. 7 Conclusion Writing Techniques 1. Answer the Question â€Å"So What?† Your article probably has an important message to deliver; after all, you’ve set aside time to actually write about it! So take the opportunity to say why your message is important. For instance, if you are writing content about reducing tuna fishing in the North Atlantic, you might want to mention how the extinction of tuna would affect the environment. Make the message the centerpiece of your conclusion and make a statement of that message’s importance. One way to approach this is by asking yourself, â€Å"so what?† What’s the significance of the information your just shared? 2. The Summary If you do nothing else, a quick review of your post is a simple way to end any article. But instead of simply summing up your main ideas, try to show how all your ideas fit together. In other words, synthesize, don’t just summarize. Like a lawyer’s closing argument, your conclusion should tie together everything you’ve covered and really pack a punch. To find out the core issue of your blog post, ask yourself: â€Å"So what?† Then use the answer to drive home your message. 3. The Full Circle Technique Look back at the introduction of your blog post. Are there any metaphors, images or anecdotes you can return to? By letting your introduction inspire your ending — perhaps by repeating a word or phrase — you can make your post seem more complete and give your audience a sense of closure. 4. The Pan to the Horizon Try to tie your topic to a larger issue, or make the reader think about similar issues that relate to the main theme. This gives people something more to think about after reading your post. This technique is really useful for blog posts that are a part of a series. It’s a simple way to call attention to other related posts, or persuade readers to come back to learn more about a subject in future content. 5. The Question Master At the end of many blog posts, the writer will ask the reader a question. It gets people thinking. For example, you could question their behavior and attitudes, or ask for further ideas in response to your article. This is a great way to encourage more comments on your blog. 6. Be Yourself People are more likely to take notice if you reveal more of your personality. Being more emotional, transparent or even controversial will help set you apart from every other blog writer. Try writing the same way you speak. Include your own quirks of language and style, but avoid clichà ©s. It will all help to make your conclusion more memorable. 7. The Phantom Ending Exercise If you’re struggling to come up with effective conclusions, here’s a simple exercise to get your brain in gear: Copy someone else’s blog post but leave out the last paragraph or conclusion. Now read the post and try to write your own conclusion. When you’ve finished, look at the original conclusion and compare it to your own. How does your version differ from the original? Is there anything you can learn from the original to make your version better? Over to You Everyone always talks about the importance of first impressions, but last impressions can pack a powerful punch. Strong conclusions make your writing more engaging, your ideas more memorable and inspire readers to take action. Do your posts finish with a bang? If you find endings tricky, these techniques are a great place to start. Try them out when you write your next post, and see how your audience reacts. Are there any special techniques you use to make conclusions more memorable? We want to know! Share your tips in the comments section below.

Plastic Architecture - Building The Biodome

Plastic Architecture - Building The Biodome By definition a biodome is a large controlled internal environment in which plants and animals from much warmer or colder regions than the region of the biodome can be kept in the natural conditions of their own sustainable eco-systems. One example of a biodome would be the Eden Project in the United Kingdom which includes the largest biodome greenhouse in the world. There are three biodomes at the Eden Project: one with a tropical climate, one with a mediterranean, and one that is a local temperate biodome. Large biodomes are architectural wonders, while the designs have much in common and take from the geodesic domes patented by Buckminister Fuller in 1954, there have been more recent innovations in building materials that have made the enormous light-friendly roofs in biodomes and other architectural projects possible. The Eden Projects biodomes are constructed with tubular steel frames with hexagonal external cladding panels made from the thermoplastic ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) replacing the use of glass, too heavy a material to use. According to Interface Magazine,ETFE foil is essentially a plastic polymer related to Teflon and is created by taking the polymer resin and extruding it into a thin film. It is largely used as a replacement for glazing due to its high light transmission properties. Transparent windows are created either by inflating two or more layers of foil to form cushions or tensioning into a single skin membrane. Plastic Architecture Lehnert, an avid yachtsman and three-time winner of the Admirals Cup, was researching ETFE for use as a possible material for sails. For that purpose, ETFE was not successful, however Lehnert continued to research the material and developed ETFE-based building materials suitable for roof and cladding solutions. These cladding systems, based on plastic cushions filled with air, have since pushed the boundaries of architecture and allowed the creation of highly innovative structures such as the Eden Project or the Beijing National Aquatics Center in China. Vector Foiltec According to Vector Foiltecs history, Chemically, ETFE is constructed by substituting a fluorine atom in PTFE (Teflon) with an ethylene monomer. This retains some of PTFEs qualities such as its non-stick self cleaning properties, as in non-stick pans, whilst increasing its strength, and in particular, its resistance to tearing. Vector Foiltec invented drop bar welding, and used ETFE to construct a small cable structure, originally made from FEP, which had failed due to the low tear resistance of the material. ETFE provided the perfect substitute, and the Texlon ® cladding system was born. Vector Foiltecs first project was for a zoo. The zoo looked into the possibility to implement a new concept whereby visitors would pass through the zoos in small confined pathways while the animals would be, according to Stefan Lehnert, almost living in broad areasâ€Å"†¦almost in freedom.† The zoo, the Burger ´s Zoo in Arnheim, hence also looked for transparent roofs, which were to cover a large area and at the same time would allow the passage of UV rays. The Burger ´s zoo project eventually became the very first project of the firm in 1982. Stefan Lehnert has been nominated for a 2012 European Inventor Award for his work with ETFE. He has also been called the inventor of the biodome.

The Background of the Technology - Annotated Bibliography Research Paper

The Background of the Technology - Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example This resource has a twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the worlds largest global IT media network. All this information has helped in compiling my data required especially about the new launches and their social, legal and ethical aspects. InfoWorld is the principal source of information on rising enterprise technologies, and the only trade name that explains to senior technology decision makers how these technologies work, and how they can use them to drive their business. All such information has proved to be of great help while compiling my developments and benefits of new advances section. This online resource has also helped me in discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this new technology. Moreover, this link has helped me in covering social, legal, ethical and security aspects, along with the hurdles which are being faced in order to make this technology as a success. The main questions which will be discussed in my literature review are: the background of the technology itself, in-detail discussion of the topic along with its history and advancements is obtained from this resource.

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues Essay

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues - Essay Example This paper aims at exploring different issues related to physical and social development of adolescents and the impact of those developmental changes on them. The adolescence period is featured by dramatic physiological changes that in practice leading them to move forward from a child to an adult. Hence, adolescence period is a transitional period, where an individual reaches to the physical maturity. This period distinguishes among males and females quite evidently by developing sexual characteristics, however, the secondary sexual characteristics become visible during prepubescent period. In the prepubescent period, a female may begin to develop her breast buds around the age of 8 years, which take the mature shape with full breast development during late adolescent phase. Apart from that, public hair growth - armpit and leg - has been observed during 9 to 10 years, where the distribution pattern becomes prevalent at the age of 13 to 14 years. Another significant physical change occurs in adolescent females with the menarche2. In general, the menarche occurs after 2 years of prepubescent changes. A female may undergo menarche at early at the age of 10 years and as late as 15 years. However, the puberty is not identified with a sudden onset of pubertal changes in case of males, as it happens with females with menstrual changes. In case of males, the scrotal and testicular changes occur during 9 years of age along with a lengthening of penis size, whereas it reaches to its adult size around 15 - 16 years of age. Public hair growth in the areas of armpit, leg and face is noted at the age of 12 years, whereas it reaches to its adult distribution at the age of 15 to 16 years. The occurrence of nocturnal emissions3 in around every 2 weeks interval consisting of seminal fluid may define the onset of puberty among male adolescents. This typically occurs during the age of 13 years to 17 years. A contemporaneous brisk of growth in height is noticed between ages of around 10.5 to 11 years and 16 to 18 years, with a peak period characterized around the age of 14 years. Another significant change in males occurs with the changes in voice which is usually parallel to penile development, whereas the occurrence of nocturnal emissions corresponds with the peak period of height spurt. Social Development The radical and dynamic changes both at physical and psychological level throughout the adolescent period make it typically distinct from other phases of development. An adolescent, irrespective of gender, experiences an individualized form of self consciousness, sensitivity about the surrounding environment and an increased concern over one's own body image along with excruciating evaluation between own self and peers. An important aspect of the psychosocial development contributing to the adolescence period is adolescent egocentrism. According to Elkind (1967), adolescent egocentrism includes a belief system carried by adolescents that makes them to consider as special and unique which is accompanied with the accomplishment of new psychological abilities. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized with an imaginary audience with an increased self consciousness. Adolescents consider that their people in their surrounding areas, especially peers, observe their activities,

Factors Of Waste Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Of Waste Generation Environmental Sciences Essay As a development country, the economic keep on growing and a lot of construction project will be carry out. Since this construction project is kept on increases, it will face a major problem on waste management. It is no longer strange or new for the construction waste and pollution produced in the sites which affect the environment issue. Reuse and recycling of construction waste is now a big recommendation for nowadays construction industry. There is a waste management which conducts a different management process in all over the world. Malaysia is using the Site Waste Management Plan to control the waste in our country. However, there are not much contractor follow the Site Waste Management Plan and just simply dump the construction wastes anywhere. The aim of this study is to learn the ways of recycling and reuse of construction waste management in a construction. Basically this study focus on what type of waste recycle to be use, which construction waste can be recycle or cannot be recycle, and the successful demolition of waste and issue of waste. With the study of waste management in Malaysia, I can know how the contractor did the waste management and how much level of awareness about waste minimization by contractor. 1.2 Introduction Construction waste is no longer a new issue or topic for a construction industry. Some waste is unavoidable even the design is perfect in a construction industry. Construction projects are required to make sure that it give impulse to the economy, improve the standard of living and provide opportunity for jobs. The overall construction industry make profit to the country however it is not an environmentally-friendly industry as it will cause air, water, noise and land pollution which all can be linked to the construction industry (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). It is to be said that the construction industry creates chances and injects money into a nations economy by giving an opportunity for foreign and local investment (M. Agung, 2009). However, despite these contributions, the construction industry has also been linked to global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). As we all know that not only construction can generates a huge amount of pollutants, including solid waste, noise, dust and water, other industries also will generate but in a small amount as compare to construction industries (Ball, 2002; Morledge Jackson, 2001). To start construction activities, construction cannot start if no any other direct influence industries. There are many direct influences on many other industries which define as both purchasing the inputs from other industries and providing products to almost all other industries, eliminating or reducing waste will produce a great amount of cost savings to society (Polat Ballard, 2004). Although Material Storage Management (MSM), the new concept for minimizing the waste in the construction industry is recognize, but contractor is not fully participate for this new concept. As the cost of labour is expensive than building materials cost, contractor rather allow construction material waste than put more human resources in managing the waste materials (Yau and Wong, 1997; Wong, 2000). Since foreign country are advance in controlling the construction waste strategies, Malaysia as a developer country should also consider about the problem occur in construction waste management. Recycling of construction waste will help the communities to reach the goal by preserve valuable space in their local landfills (Schlauder and Brickner, 1993). Nowadays many reuse and recycle method for construction waste which will lead to minimization of construction waste. Contractors will have to participate on such recycle method to overcome construction waste management problems. 1.3 Problem Statement Construction waste has affected the environmental problems especially for many large and developing cities. About 38% of the construction waste is generated from construction, which is among 6,408 tonnes of waste per annum are produced from construction activities. The amount wastes generate from construction industries is high as compare to other industry. This problem will affect the cost to expel the construction and demolition waste rising rapidly as it is becoming more and more expensive. The construction and demolition waste (CD) is the most critical waste in the whole world. According to Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2005, the total quantity of wastes in a year is 548,916.11 metric tonnes. This is a huge amount of wastes that we need to be considered and find out a way to control this situation. As from the Malaysia Environment Quality Report 2005, the oil and hydrocarbon waste has the highest percentage 22.4 while phenol/ Adhesive/ Resin waste has the lowest percentage of 0.3. On the other hand, for the type of industry, electronic waste is the highest with percentage of 23.7 while printing and packaging waste is the lowest with percentage of 0.5. Construction industry is a huge consumer of non-renewable resources and a massive producer of waste and the operation of the buildings are responsible for about half of the toal CO2 emissions (K. A. M. Kamar, Z. A. Hamid 2011). Therefore, it is needed to find out the solution and way to conduct waste control to minimize the construction waste. This must be start from now on and being practice by all construction industry to avoid pollution of environment and reduce the construction waste. 1.4 Scope of Study Construction waste management is too wide for carrying out a research as waste is classified into two types, waste of material and waste of manpower. In this situation, I will narrow down the scope of study for construction waste management in order to get my work done smoothly. In this case, I specify my scope of work by focusing on several aspects on construction waste management. Main focus of my research is on the Kuala Lumpur construction companys waste management practices in Malaysia. I will mainly focus on type of construction waste material which are metal and also concern about metal industry. This is because metal is considers as the middle waste produce in the construction industry and it is a common waste. Metal is always being used by construction industry and almost all the metal waste are not reuse or recycle in a proper ways. Besides, I will also focus on how the contractor reuse, recycle and remove other construction waste material from site. As for different construction industry, they will practice different ways of settling the construction waste and this will be interesting to be known. 1.5 Aim and Objectives Aims: To study the ways of recycling and reuse of construction waste management in a construction. Objectives: 2.2 To investigate the issue of waste generate by construction industry. 2.3 To determine the several factors lead to the waste generation and the success for recycling and demolition of construction waste. 2.4 To determine which construction waste can be recycling and which construction waste cannot be recycle. 1.6 Research Methodology Literature Review I will carry out my research by conducting literature review to further understand and be more familiar on the title and scope of research that I had chosen. I will try to read ad much information as I can about my topic which mainly obtains from internet, journal, books, newspapers, magazine and reference books. My literature review focus on the ways to recycle construction waste material, cause an effect of construction waste material and construction waste material pollution issue. As an overall picture, I carry out literature review to furnish myself on the construction waste management scope in our country. Questionnaire As for this research on construction waste in Malaysia, I will conduct questionnaire which mainly focus on main contractor, developer and sub-contractor. I will give out my questionnaire to about 70 construction firm to help me complete my survey question. I expected that I will receive about 30 respondents to enable me to analyze on the result and continue carry out my research study. The survey questions are design based on the aim and objectives that is stated earlier. Interview Interview will be conduct with main contractor or site agent to further understand their ways to remove construction waste in the site. Throughout interview, I can find out the difficulties of handling construction waste. Contractor can share some experience on how to reduce the waste or how to remove the waste on construction site to me and I think this might be helpful for me to do my research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Definition of waste Nowadays the amount of construction waste contribute in a development country is extremely high. As compare to other waste produce by other industries, the construction waste is the highest generation of waste. Waste can be simply define or describe as the material which is produce by human or from industry which does not has residual value ( Serpell and Alarcon, 1998). There are a lot of definitions to describe waste as show below: Waste can be defined as that which can be throw away or dispose without reducing customer value. (Polat and Ballard, 2004) The loss or damage of whatever kind of resources is considered as waste. The waste on materials, time (labour and equipment), and capital is mainly conducted by activities that generate direct or indirect costs but do not increase any value to the last product from the point of view of the customer. (Formoso et al., 2002) Any substances or objects that are mainly for disposed or intended to be disposed or are needed to be disposed off by the provisions of national laws are defined as waste. (The Basal Convention, 1989) The by-product which is generated or remove from a construction work, renovation work and demolition work or sites of building and civil engineering structure is consider as waste. (Cheung, 1993) For any substances or article which are need to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled is consider as waste. (Section 75 of U.K. Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1990) Table 2.1 Definitions of waste There are many waste generate everyday in a construction site such as construction waste, material waste and solid waste. Construction waste: Construction wastes are the wastes that are generated from the various activities carry out from the construction which is relatively clean and heterogeneous building material (Tchobanaglous et al., 1993). It is also define as the waste which includes the delay in time consuming, unsafely, rework, unnecessary transportation journeys, far distances, improper management of programme and poor constructability (Lee, et al., 1999). Besides that, (Peavy et al., 1985) indicated construction waste as the waste which is conducted from building works, demolition works and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures. According to (Shen et al., 2004), Construction wastes are arising from the different types of construction activities including the excavation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition activities, roadwork and building renovation which result the wastes in the formation of building debris, rubble, earth, concrete, steel, timber and mixed site clearance materials. For the new construction wastes, it is composed primarily of mixtures of unused or damaged raw materials as well as off cuts (discarded cut material) and packaging (Magdich, 1995). Materials waste: Materials waste is mean by whatever material that are far away from earth materials which requires to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used among the construction site itself for the objective of land filling, incineration, recycling, reuse or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to materials damage, excess, un-reuse, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process (Ekanayake Ofori, 2000). Material wastes are categorized by the activity which are over-ordering, overproduction, wrong progressing, unsatisfied storage, manufacturing defects and theft or vandalism by human ( Garas et al., 2001). Solid waste: Wastes generate from human and animal activities are called solid waste. Wastes establish by public authorities for final disposal, including hazardous waste, liquid-solid sludge from industry and water/waste water plants are within this definition (Kiely , 1997). Solid waste is also to be said as the waste which is in solid form that are unusable or unwanted generally conducted by human activities (Peavy et al., 1985). 2.2 Issue of Waste When due to the issue of waste, the construction waste is or will subsequently become a serious environmental issue in many cities and countries all around the world (Chen et al., 2002; Ferguson et al., 1995; Shen et al., 2000, 2002; Smallwood, 2000; Wong and Tanner, 1997). (Faniran and Caban, 1988; Kibert, 1994; Ferguson et al., 1995; Graham and Smithers, 1996; Guthrie et al., 1999; Symonds, 1999; Lawson and Douglas, 2001.) Stated that waste management for construction and demolition activities has become the major environmental problems in many municipalities. Whenever there is a construction activities carry out, there will produce waste. Waste from the construction industry will cause global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). Environmental problems in many big cities are also cause by the construction waste generated in construction activities (Begum et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2002; Teo Loosemore, 2001). There are several construction materials which contribute the cause of wastes such as steel reinforcement, premixed concrete, cement, sand, lime and premixed mortar, bricks and blocks, ceramic tiles pipes and wires Formoso et al., (2002). Based on the analysis on sources of wastes concluded that a high amount of material wastes is generated due to the flow of activities like material delivery, inventories and internal transportation and handling, which are usually neglected by site management (Formoso et al., 2002). A research from Environmental Protection Department stated that a daily average of 37,690 tonnes of Construction and Demolition (CD) wastes was conducted (EPD, 2000 a). Besides that, due to the development country which the construction industry activities increasing rapidly and shortage of sustainable landfill sites, the construction wastes are becoming a serious problem forcing the professionals and researchers to focus on the way to reuse the construction wastes (Masood et al, 2002). Globally estimate that many landfill sites around the world will receive 10-30% of construction and demolition (CD) waste frequently (Fishbein, 1998) while (Magdich, 1995) stated that construction and demolition wastes to be throwing to the landfills will contribute 25 percent from all the wastes. There are about 1-10% of the purchased construction materials will be leave at the site for the residential projects as waste (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Recent research which carry out in UK stated that at least 10% of all raw materials delivered to the sites will be wasted in the case of damage, loss and over-ordering (Guthrie et al., 1998). In the year of 2005, our lan dfills will be fully dispose of waste and the construction industry will no longer depend on landfills to dispose waste (EPD, 2002a). Other wastes are easy to be handled but for the construction waste, it is more difficult to be reuse or recycle due to the high levels of contamination and a huge degree of heterogeneity. (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996) say that construction waste also contains an extremely high amount of chemical wastes which is harmful and hard to be handling. Usually for the construction waste generate in construction activities will be dump to landfills and in recent days construction waste is recommended to be recycle to recognize its value and potentials of reusing them in future construction project (Trankler, et al., 1996; Peng et al., 1997). As for the total landfills wastes, construction and building activities takes 30% of the total volumes in the States while UK adds more than 50% and Australia takes 20%-30% (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Research on the construction and demolition wastes has been done which indicate that about 15%-30% of all solid waste by weight and more than 90% of this waste is from landfill in the gulf region, especially in Kuwait (Kartam, et al. 2004). Untitled.png Figure 2.2 Hierarchy of construction and demolition waste (Peng et al., 1997). There are limited practices among the construction sector on the waste minimization, reuse and recycling method because of the building materials which are at relatively low cost (Begun et al 2009). There is no forcing that the construction companies must practice sustainable resource and waste management which conclude that illegal dumping is still an issue for the authorities (Begun et al 2009). As this figure 2.2.1 is concern, it specified that for the solid waste, it contribute the most among the other waste produce in a construction industry in Malaysia. Untitled.png Figure 2.2.1 Percentage of solid waste in 1994 by  ¼Ã‹â€ Hassan et al. ¼Ã…’1998). 2.3 Factors of waste generation 2.3.1 Classification of waste There are classifications of wastes in the construction industry. Research from the pass indicated that the material waste will occur or appear throughout the construction project no matter in initial stage, design stage, construction stage or operation stage (Craven et. al., 1994; Faniran and Caban, 1998; Gavilian and Bernold, 1994; Spivey, 1974). Basically for the building construction waste there will divide into two categories namely structure waste and finishing waste (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987). Structure wastes are those wastes such as concrete fragment, reinforcement bars, abandoned timber plate and pieces. On the other hand, for finishing wastes, it included a wide range of waste materials which is generated during the finishing stage of the building (C.S.POON*, ANN T.W.YU and L.JAILLON 2003). Furthermore, wastes are being arranged into specific categories like demolition materials, packaging materials, wood, concrete, asphalt, garbage and sanitary wastes, scrap metal, products, rubber, plastic and glass, and pesticides and pesticide containers (Spivey, 1974). Singapore defined the classification of construction material waste into three major categories namely material waste, labor waste and machinery waste (Ekanayake and Ofori, 2000): Material waste: Any kind of materials which is unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted. Labor waste: Simply mean that the waste conducted by laborer such as concrete wasted due to unsatisfied workmanship, brick lay wrongly and broken of floor tiles. Machinery waste: Machinery which is order to the site but did not carry out the construction activities. Classification of solid waste is as below: Municipal waste which the wastes are paper, plastics, food wastes, ashes, and special wastes include Street sweepings and dead animals. Industrial waste which the wastes are timber, demolition and construction waste, treatment plant waste, hazardous waste. Hazardous waste which the wastes are radioactive substances, chemicals, biological waste, flammable waste and explosives. (Kiely , 1997). 2.3.2 Construction Industry Waste Generation A study on the generation of construction waste in the construction industry is very important. Waste generates in many kind of situation and it is important to be identified to reduce and improve the waste management. Nowadays a lot of countries were developing well in construction industry and cause the generation of huge amount of construction waste. Demand for houses and major infrastructure projects make the amount of construction waste keep increasing rapidly which will cause environmental issue (Nasaruddin et. al., 2008; Siti and Noor, 2008). Construction and demolition wastes surpass the volume of municipal wastes in most of the countries. This simply means that construction activities generate and produce a large amount of waste (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005). (Graham and Smithers, 1996) stated that as long as a construction activities or project is concern, there are several factors which will lead to the production of waste. Basically, it is often that the construction wastes are come from the result of human error in design, procurement method, material handling, residues of raw materials and unexpected change in building design (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Generally about 10% of the materials delivered to construction site will become wastes at the end of the construction activities (Magdich, 1995). A study contribute that the largest waste generated materials or component is woody (Goetz, 1998). As for other countries, waste generation is show as below: Hong Kong generated the major solid waste in construction industry and in the year of 1998, it generated approximately 32,710 tons of construction and demolition (CD) wastes per day (Poon et al., (2001). Greece surpasses 3.9 million tons of construction and demolition wastes for the year of 2002 which will continue increase the amount of waste subsequently (Fatta et al., 2003). Australian landfills have 20% to 30% of construction waste out of all wastes are being dispose (Craven et al., 1994). Brazil is to be saying that the amount of construction waste generated will be 20% of all materials delivered to site (Formoso et al., 2002). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) mention that the amount of 124 million metric tons of building-related construction and demolition wastes or 1.2kg per person per day were produced in the year of 1996 (Weber et al., 2002). India has the total generation of construction waste about 14.7 million tons per year as stated in Central Pollution Control Board India (Pappu, 2006). Country CD Wastes (percentages %) The Netherlands 26 Australia 20-30 United States 20, 23, 24, 29 Germany 10 Finland 13-15 Table 2.3.2 CD Wastes as Percentage of All Solid Wastes Entering Landfills in Various Countries (Source: Bossink and Brouwers, 1996) Untitled.png Chart 2.3.2 CD Waste Generation in Million Tons Waste generate in Percentage Tourist Hotel and Industrial Projects 19% Commercial Projects 16% Low Rise Building 13% Government Projects 11% Tunnel and Infrastructure 8% High Rise Building 33% Table 2.3.2.1 Cumulative Percentages of Projects Generating Construction Waste in Egypt (Mohd Firdaus Bin Mustaffa Kamal, 2009) The involvements of waste generation are divided into five sections such as design, procurement, materials handling, construction/ renovation and demolition. The table below shows the different type of project phase which cause waste generated: (Graham and Sniithers., 1996) Untitled.png Table 2.3.2.2 Causes of waste in different project phase The construction and demolition wastes generate rubbish, wood/ related products and miscellaneous wastes where their percentage of waste generation is as follow: Rubbish 40%-50% such as concrete, asphalt, bricks, blocks and dirt. Woods and related products 20%-30% such as pallets, stumps, branches, forming and framing lumber, treated lumber and shingles. Miscellaneous wastes such as painted or contaminated lumber, metals, tar-based products, plaster, glass, white goods, asbestos and other insulation materials, and plumbing, heating and electrical parts. Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) 2.3.3 Wastes in Malaysia Malaysia, a developing country wishing to achieve status by 2020 is facing a big problem and challenge of decoupling economic growth and waste generation (National Economic Advisory Council, 2010). Construction waste generating in Malaysia is becoming more and more pressing issue (Begum et. al, 2007; Begum et. al., 2010). (Recycling Today, 16 March 2004) indicated that Malaysia has a subsequently high waste generator from the construction industry. It can be said that Malaysias construction waste is one of the largest waste rate and yet despite a number of government policy initiatives to address this problem, suitable resource and waste management on site remains a low priority for the majority of the contractors (Begum, 2009). Due to the rapid development and urbanization happen in Malaysia, our country produces about 25,600 tonnes of waste daily (Fazleena Aziz, 2010). There are five states in Malaysia which produce 70% of the total amount of waste in the country and there are Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan (Grant, 2001). 30 construction sites are conducted in a study which identified six types of waste materials namely concrete (12.32%), metals (9.62%), bricks (6.54%), plastics (0.43%), woods (69.10%) and others waste (2%). Among these wastes, woods contribute the most in our country (Faridah et. al., 2004). 28% of municipal solid waste and construction waste been generated in the central and southern regions of Malaysia (Mohd Nasir et Al., 1998). Overall summary of 16,000 tons of domestic waste is produced per day by local communities and the amounts per capita change from 0.45 to 1.44 kg per day which very much depending on the economic status of the areas concerned. This simply mean that waste generate about 1kg per capita per day (GAIA Global Meeting, 2003). Based on a research from Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., there are only 76% of solid wastes are able to be collect back in Malaysia and only about 5% being recycle, with the rest of 95% disposed at the countrys 112 landfills (Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., 2007). For our country Malaysia, it is quite surprise to say that the Government spends RM400 million per year on waste disposal and the waste is only refers to municipal solid waste which is a huge amount of money (The Star, 2005). Another issue happen in Malaysia is illegal dumping. Seberang Perai of Pulau Pinang stated that there are illegal dump site near along the road which is a very irresponsibility way of clearing the construction wastes (Faridah et. al., 2004). Besides Seberang Perai, the issue of illegal dumping is happening rapidly all over Malaysia (Yahaya and Larsen, 2008). Another study done in Johor which conclude that there are 42%-46% of illegal dumping sites are of construction waste (Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007). Recent news indicated that almost 30 tons of construction waste was found to be dump illegally in tropical mangrove swamp near Bandar Hilir, Malacca and construction debris problem near roadside at Section 17, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (The Star, 2011; The Star, 2012). Those irresponsibility actions of illegal dumping will cause risk to human health and environmental problem (Faridah et. al., 2004; Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007). The National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management was form in 2005 which mainly focus on solid waste management in peninsular Malaysia and the duration is until 2020 providing the foundation for the subsequent years (United Nations Development Programme, 2008). 2.3.4 Purpose of Waste Management The main purpose of conducting waste management is to reduce/ remove the amount of waste produced and in the same time reducing disposal costs and the environmental impact (Pitt et al., 2002). Waste need to be carries out by using recycle and reusing method so that it will not affect the environment factors and improve our future life. According to (Woolley, 2000), with the help of waste management in term of reducing, reusing and recycling of CD waste, it will help to increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce exploration of natural resources. One of the strategies to reduce waste is by recycling as it contributes to three main advantages (Edwards, 1999): Reduce demand for new resources Reduce transport and production energy costs Use the waste which would otherwise he lost to landfill sites. It is important to carry out waste management from now on although a very small amount of construction and demolition wastes is now recovered by waste management, for sure there will be greater amount of wastes to be recycle in the future in such a way that higher tipping fees, mandatory landfill diversion legislation and the success of entrepreneurs in processing both source-separated and mixed wastes (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). As by using the recycling method for construction waste, it can help to decrease the demand on land for disposing the waste and also help to conserve natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to disposal (Poon, 2002). Waste management is used for a sustainable development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987). 2.3.5 Waste Management It is a major problem suffered worldwide about the management of construction waste (Adam, 2004). Recycling of construction wastes simply mean that the separation and recycling of recoverable waste which are form during the construction and remodeling stage (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). Research indicated that 90% of the construction wastes can be recyclable to be reused (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). The main point of view that will cause the waste generation is by design stage. Design stage will taken into control of materials waste on construction sites as it is taking a central role to help minimizing waste produced (Shen, et al., 2004). To manage the construction wastes well, the method of managing is very important as it should be part of the project management functions and involve employees participation (Shen and Tam, 2002). A lot of various management methods have been applied and discuss from previous research in order to improve the control on construction wastes (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005) and (Koskela, 1992; Alarcon, 1997) mention that many methods have been drawn up and developed such as in the way of policy and programmes to help to reduce the construction waste. Construction management plan is introduce to improve materials resource efficiency by carry out reuse, recovery and recycling as well as to minimize the issue of illegal dumping by properly introduce the waste removal processes (Defra, 2009). As for a successful waste management, the construction waste should not be directly disposed but it needs to pass through several processes before being disposed. The method to treat the proper waste management is to follow the waste management hierarchy (Peng et. al., 1997). By following the concept of waste management hierarchy it will give advantages to the environmental and economy problem to a country (Tchobanoglous and Keith, 2002). Figure 2.3.5 Waste Management Hierarchy (Source: Peng et. al., 1997) Another waste management methodologies in the form of hierarchy in descending order from reducing waste, re